Spanish Sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis)

Description

The Spanish Sparrow is a small bird, similar to the House Sparrow but with a more contrasting plumage. The male stands out with a brown back streaked with black, a heavily spotted chest, brown head, and white cheeks, making it easy to distinguish from other sparrow species.

Physical Characteristics

  • Size: 14-16 cm in length
  • Weight: 22-36 g
  • Plumage: Males have a brown head with a white collar, a chest and abdomen covered in black spots, while females have a more uniform, light brown coloration, similar to that of the House Sparrow.
  • Beak: Short, conical, strong, adapted for seed consumption.

Habitat and Distribution

The Spanish Sparrow is mainly found in southern Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. It prefers open, semi-arid areas, agricultural land, but can also be found near human settlements. In Dobrogea and the Danube Delta (continental area), the species is well represented, especially in areas with low vegetation, agricultural fields, and floodplains. It is expanding its range and has become relatively common in Dobrogea and southern Moldova.

Presence in Romania

The Spanish Sparrow is a summer species in Romania, migrating primarily to Dobrogea and the southern regions in spring, for breeding. It often nests in small colonies, using dense vegetation, trees, or artificial structures to build its nests. It is also known to nest in White Stork nests.

Behavior

  • Feeding: It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates, especially during the breeding season.
  • Reproduction: It nests in colonies, using twigs, grass, and feathers to build its nest. The female lays 3-6 eggs, and both parents take part in incubation and feeding the chicks.
  • Migration: This species is migratory, spending the winter in North Africa and the Middle East.

Conservation Status

The Spanish Sparrow is not considered an endangered species, having a stable global population. However, changes in agricultural practices and pesticide use can negatively impact local populations.

Interesting Facts

  • Although less common than the House Sparrow, the Spanish Sparrow is easy to observe due to its social behavior.
  • Males become much more colorful during the breeding season, with a striking contrast between the brown areas and black spots.

  • In contact zones with the House Sparrow, hybridization sometimes occurs (Passer domesticus x hispaniolensis).

This species is a fascinating example of adaptation to diverse environments and serves as an indicator of the health of agricultural and natural ecosystems in southeastern Europe.

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